Computer Architecture

Physical and Architectural Constraints in CPUs and GPUs

Central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs) are fundamental components of modern computer systems, each fulfilling different but complementary roles.

Gustafson's Law

Gustafson's Law, also known as Gustafson-Barsis's Law, is a fundamental concept in the world of parallel computing, offering a positive perspective on the scalability of parallel systems.

Computer Architecture

Cache Associativity

Cache associativity is a property of the cache which decides how many different memory blocks can be stored in a cache line.

System Design

3 Types of Cache Misses: Compulsory, Capacity and Conflict Miss

In this article at OpenGenus.org, we will discuss the 3 types of cache misses- namely, compulsory, conflict and capacity misses.

Computer Architecture

Pollack's rule in Computer Architecture

Pollack's rule states: performance improvement tends to increase at a rate that is roughly the square root of the increase in microarchitecture complexity.

Computer Architecture

UMA and NUMA Architecture

This article at OpenGenus provides an overview of two types of computer memory architectures - UMA (Uniform Memory Access) and NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access). It explains how processors access system memory in both architectures and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.

instruction set

Why learn assembly instructions?

In this article at OpenGenus, we have explained how learning assembly instructions can be useful and who should learn it in this age of high level programming languages.

C++

VPOPCNT: Number of set bits

In this article at OpenGenus, you must have the complete idea of VPOPCNT assembly instruction that is used to get the number of set bits.

instruction set

XCHG - Exchange Memory

In this article at OpenGenus, we have explained the concept of XCHG instruction in x86 processor that is used to swap contents between two registers or memory locations.

Computer Architecture

Number of Clock Cycles in Assembly Instructions

In this article at OpenGenus, we have listed the Number of Clock Cycles in different Assembly Instructions like LEA, XCHG and others.

instruction set

Number of Clock Cycles in Arithmetic Operations

In this article at OpenGenus, we have listed the Number of Clock Cycles in Arithmetic Operations. This is an important information to understand which operation to use and which one to avoid based on performance.

instruction set

x86 LEA - Load Effective Address

In this article at OpenGenus, we have explained the concept of LEA assembly instruction which is used in x86 processors.

Computer Architecture

x64 and x86 architecture

This article at OpenGenus aims to provide a comprehensive overview of x64 and x86 architecture. The purpose of this article is to help readers understand the basic structure and differences between these two architectures.

Computer Architecture

Exploring Architecture of CPU

This article delves into the technical aspects of the architecture, including key terminology and diagrams, to help readers develop a thorough understanding of how the core CPU operates.

Computer Architecture

CPU Core [Concept Explained]

CPU core technology is a fundamental concept in modern computer architecture. At the heart of every central processing unit (CPU) lies a CPU core that executes instructions and performs calculations.

Computer Architecture

Pipelining in CPU [In-depth explanation]

Pipelining is an important concept in CPU optimization and utilization. It is a powerful technique used in modern CPUs to improve their performance and efficiency, but it also requires careful design and management to overcome the challenges and limitations associated with it.

Computer Architecture

Formula for CPU FLOPs (theoretical max)

In this article, we have presented the formula to calculate theoretical max FLOPs for a given CPU system and understand the logic behind it.

Computer Architecture

GCC Compiler Intrinsics

In this article, we will discuss the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), the fundamentals of intrinsics, some of the ways in which these intrinsics can speed up vector code, and we will also take a look at a list of some of the x86 intrinsics that GCC offers.

Computer Architecture

SIMD & SSE Instruction Set

In this article, we will discuss scalar computing (and some of its drawbacks), the need for vector/parallel computing, the fundamental concepts behind single instruction, multiple data (or SIMD) architecture and SSE.

Operating System

Secure boot

Secure boot is a security standard implemented in the advanced UEFI to prevent malware from attacking the computer during boot up when the computer is most vulnerable.

Computer Architecture

UEFI and Legacy boot

Both UEFI and BIOS are firmware that specify an interface between the computer operating system and the underlying firmware. Legacy boot involves booting the computer using legacy firmware such as BIOS and UEFI boot involves booting a computer using the more advanced UEFI.

Computer Architecture

UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)

UEFI(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is the interface between the operating system and the low-level initialization firmware. It initializes hardware components and is responsible for executing the OS stored in a boot device.

Computer Architecture

Types of memory devices

In this article, we have covered the different types of memory devices like CD-ROM, SD card and much more.

Computer Architecture

Firmware

In this article we discuss firmware - software that is directly programmed into hardware devices such as routers, cameras, network cards etc.

Computer Architecture

BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

We discuss BIOS - firmware stored in non-volatile memory e.g EPROM, responsible for startup procedures such as POST before passing control to the bootloader which loads the OS.