Python fluency Checklist with Practical Projects

Variables

Introduction to Variables

There are several types of variables like Scalar variables which contains Integer, float and many other variable sub types. Variables help us to store information which we can then use in a program.

If-else statements

If-else statements help us to check whether certain conditions are met or not. Code inside the if statement only runs when the if condition is true. Otherwise, the code inside the else condition runs.
While loops

While loops run the code inside them repeatedly as long as the while condition evaluates to true. When the condition evaluates to false, the code inside the while loop stops running.
For Loops

When we want to run our code for a specific number of times, we use for loops. We can also use these loops for many other purposes.
is and is not operators in Python

The is and is not operators help in comparing values and objects in our programs.

Introduction to Functions

Instead of writing the same code repeatedly, we can create functions and use them whenever we need to throughout the program. This saves time in writing code. Functions also sometimes require the use of arguments which we need to pass into the function.
Variable and Function Scope

Whether we can access a variable throughout the program depends on its scope. This has important implications whenever we create any program. The same logic applies when we create any function. One of the most commonly used functions is the range function. The i variable in this function is always local-scoped.
Lambda Functions

Generally, we have to name our functions to use them. But we can also create nameless functions, also known as anonymous functions. In Python, we call them Lambda functions. We can also use these to shorten statements like if-else.

What are modules?

For any task like data analysis, machine learning, image or audio processing etc, specifically created and grouped utilities and functions exist, which we call as libraries. In Python, we call them modules. Many Python modules exist for a variety of purposes. An example of a module is the Random module, which generates random values in our programs.

Introduction to Classes and Objects

Classes are like templates for creating objects in Python. What are objects? Every element in Python is an object. Every object is an instance of some class. The concept of class variable discusses this in brief.
Abstraction

Abstraction helps us to represent objects in our programs with the required essential features and without unnecessary details. Abstract classes help us use abstraction in our programs.
Decorators

We can alter how classes or functions work in our programs using Decorators in Python.
Descriptors

As classes may have different class attributes, Descriptors help to create, control and manage such attributes.

Lists

Data structures like lists store objects of different data types together in one place. We can also access and change items inside lists using indexing.
Arrays

Arrays store objects of the same data type, which we can access later on in our programs.
Tuples

We can store multiple objects inside Tuples. Once we put items inside a tuple, we cannot change them.
Dictionaries

We can store information in key-value pairs using dictionaries. Like lists, we can also access and change items inside them.
Set

Sets help us store information like lists, the difference being that we cannot put duplicate values inside them. Also, sets will automatically sort the data we put inside them.
Deque

Double Ended Queue, also known as Deque, helps us store information which we can then modify from both sides of the queue, from the start or end.
Mutable and Immutable Objects

When we can modify objects, we call them mutable. Otherwise, we call them immutable. We have to design our programs carefully with a proper knowledge of mutable and immutable objects.
Create a custom Binary Tree structure

Binary trees are a popular data structure used widely in many applications. Learn how to create a binary tree in Python.

Introduction to Regular Expressions

Regular expressions help us to match or search for a particular pattern in data. We can also use these to shorten our code.

Introduction to Unit Testing

For bug-free code, test driven development is of vital importance. Unit Testing helps us to test individual components in our program and ensure that it's error-free.

Arrays in NumPy

Learn how to create arrays in NumPy and get a firm grasp on 2-D arrays. Also learn how to display NumPy arrays as Images.
Array and Matrix Manipulation

NumPy allows you to round numbers in matrices. Learn how to round elements of a matrix in NumPy. Also learn how to find absolute sum of elements in a matrix. Get a grasp on performing matrix multiplication and matrix multiplication by a scalar. Finally, learn about vector norm method in NumPy, which is widely used for machine learning.
Errors in NumPy

Running into errors is pretty common in programming. Learn how to solve the TypeError: only integer scalar arrays can be converted to a scalar index and the RuntimeError: module compiled against api version 0x10 but this version of numpy is 0xe in NumPy.

Median of Two Sorted Arrays

Median of two sorted arrays is a common problem that uses basic algorithmic thinking concepts. Learn how solve it using different approaches and using the binary search method.
Longest substring without repeating characters

Longest substring without repeating characters is an important algorithm which teaches practical applications of dictionaries and loops in Python.
Merge K sorted Linked Lists

The concepts of classes and functions find their applications in the merge K sorted linked lists algorithm. It also teaches how to use a heap (a type of binary tree) data structure in Python.
Intersection of two arrays

The algorithm of intersection of two arrays teaches how to use lists in python for effective problem solving.
Predict the Output Questions

Test your knowledge of Python with over 50 Predict the Output Python interview questions.
Lambda Questions

Lambda functions offer a simple way to create anonymous functions in Python. Find your knowledge gaps and practice using over 40 Lambda interview questions in Python.
NumPy Questions

NumPy is a vital Python library for machine learning, scientific computing, and data analysis purposes. Evalute your NumPy skills with a comprehensive list of Numpy interview questions.